Motor Competence and Health Related Physical Fitness in Youth a Systemic Review

Introduction

In 2008, Stodden et al. [1] published a framework model hypothesising the relationships among motor competence, physical activity, perceived motor competence, health-related fitness and weight status in children and adolescents. As a consequence, many subsequent investigations tested elements of the concepts depicted in the Stodden et al. [i] framework. Stodden et al.'s model was especially relevant for stimulating research investigating the importance of motor competence in relation to the other outcomes in the framework. Recently, Barnett et al. [2] conducted a systematic review to synthesise the longitudinal and experimental evidence around Stodden et al.'s model (with motor competence every bit a central point) in lodge to evaluate current evidence on the relationships amidst the proposed correlates of motor competence.

Although Stodden et al.'s model yielded a considerable number of investigations, there are multiple pathways with a express number of studies [two]. From the 36 pathways evaluated, there were eighteen pathways (50%) without a sufficient number of studies (minimum of four studies) to depict conclusions, and five pathways presented indeterminate/inconsistent evidence. From the 13 remaining pathways, nine (22% from 36 pathways) exhibited strong prove. The other four pathways were not supported past the literature [2].

A complete synthesis is provided in Fig. 1, which is taken from Barnett et al.'s review [ii] and allows for drawing the post-obit conclusions:

1. 1.

   The potential association of perceived competence with motor competence in Stodden et al.'south model has been overlooked, as none of these pathways were examined past a sufficient number of studies to draw conclusions. Only three longitudinal studies were included in the review conducted by Barnett et al. [2,3,4,5].

2. 2.

   The pathways linking motor competence to physical activity are the most critical pathways to interpret. The direct pathways between motor competence and concrete activity showed no or indeterminate evidence to support their relationship, except the pathway from blended motor competence to physical activeness, which showed stiff and positive evidence of the relationship. On the other manus, the reciprocal pathway between motor competence and physical activity mediated via wellness-related fitness exhibited strong bear witness supporting information technology.

   In improver to better assessment of concrete action and motor competence, information technology might exist necessary to account for age grouping differences in this relationship as an increase in the strength of the relationship between motor competence and physical activity is expected with increasing age [1]. The importance of age in the motor competence-concrete activity human relationship needs to be improve addressed.

3. three.

   The relationship from overall motor competence to health-related fitness was strong and positive whereas the contrary pathway was indeterminate. Because only locomotor motor competence, rather than total motor competence, there was, however, potent testify supporting the reciprocal pathway with wellness-related fitness. Nevertheless, at that place was an insufficient number of studies evaluating object control and composite constructs of motor competence in relation to health-related fitness.

4. iv.

   The pathway between motor competence and weight status showed strong bear witness supporting the human relationship in both directions despite the insufficient number of studies evaluating most of the pathways.

Fig. 1

Summarised longitudinal and experimental testify effectually the Stodden et al. model from the study conducted by Barnett et al. [ii]. Reprinted from Barnett et al. [2] with permission from Springer

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Expanding the Stodden et al. Model

Despite the demand for further evaluation, the publication of Stodden et al.'south model yielded some relevant progress in the field. Frameworks such as the one from Stodden et al. [1] stimulate advances in the field and might exist used as a starting signal to evaluate the wellness of youth more than holistically. In this low-cal, we propose an extension of the Stodden et al. framework by adding iii groups of health outcomes to the model.

It is not the purpose of this commentary to provide an bear witness-based justification supporting the expansion of the Stodden et al. model. We simply gathered some show regarding important child and boyish health outcomes, including metabolic wellness, mental health, and cognition and academic performance that might be linked to Stodden et al.'s framework. Based on the insights gained past Barnett et al. [2], the implementation of these additional variables may be a viable extension to Stodden et al.'south original model that could guide hereafter research on children'south and adolescents' health and well-being.

Figure two is a simplified representation of the extension of the Stodden et al. model that we are proposing. In summary, Blocks A and B are derived from the Stodden et al. model published in 2008 [1]. The dotted arrows between blocks of variables stand for the expected relationship betwixt all or at least well-nigh variables in the previous cake with the following block of variables. Every bit an illustration, besides the relationships betwixt blocks A and B foreseen by Stodden et al. [i], we expect concrete activeness, wellness-related fettle, motor competence and weight status (variables in Block B) to exist direct associated with the variables in the Block C (delimited past the dotted orangish square). The predicted placement and relationship among variables in this proposed model (Fig. ii) are detailed below.

Fig. 2

Proposed extension of Stodden et al.'s model. Dotted arrows correspond the relationship between one block of variables (denoted by the squares) in relation to the next block in the model. More specifically, note that all variables in the Block A (denoted by the light blue foursquare) are assumed to be directly associated with weight condition. Moreover, physical activity, health-related fitness, motor competence and weight status (Block B) are expected to exist directly associated with the variables in the block C (denoted by the dotted orange square)

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Metabolic Health

From the group of outcomes outset included in the Stodden et al. model, peculiarly physical activity, wellness-related fettle and weight status have been linked to metabolic health (triglycerides, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, blood pressure, etc.) in children and adolescents [6,7,eight]. Metabolic health might mediate the touch on of increased physical activity, health-related fettle and motor competence in relation to weight condition [9]. Moreover, metabolic health might also exist a upshot of improved weight condition because of changes in physical activity, health-related fitness and motor competence levels [10]. The 'placement' of metabolic health in the Stodden et al. model might be related to the age-group in focus. In younger children, information technology is expected that metabolic health is impacted by weight status, whereas metabolic wellness and weight condition might present a more symbiotic human relationship with increasing age.

Cognition and Academic Performance

A considerable number of studies accept linked physical activity and health-related fitness to cognition and academic performance [11,12,xiii]. More than recently, motor competence has been shown to be associated with cognition and academic performance [fourteen]. Although understudied, physical activity, health-related fettle and motor competence are hypothesised to be related to knowledge and academic performance via neurobiological, psychosocial and behavioural mechanisms [15, sixteen]. We assume that concrete action, health-related fitness and motor competence may exist associated with cognition and bookish performance both straight and mediated via weight status.

Mental Wellness

Motor competence, physical activity, wellness-related fitness and weight condition take been associated with mental health in children and adolescents [15, 17,18,19,20,21]. It is feared that the mental health of youth might deteriorate every bit a consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is of the highest priority to carry original studies investigating the function of the Stodden et al. model in relation to child and boyish mental health. The causal mechanisms linking the variables in the Stodden et al. [i] model with mental health are still unclear, only the few studies there are, bespeak the importance of neurobiological, psychosocial and behavioural mechanisms [15, 22]. There is evidence supporting the inclusion of mental health after weight status in the Stodden et al. model [fifteen, 17,18,19,20,21], although mental health has too been shown to be mutually related to weight status, particularly during adolescence [23].

Conclusions

We urge the scientific community to evaluate the Stodden et al. [one] model in depth. Longitudinal piece of work, especially experimental research using different doses of interventions, is needed. Priority should be given to studies with longer-term follow-ups and multiple monitoring periods since the progression of the associations between pathways across time is still under-evaluated. The developmental nature of the relationships is a critical element in the Stodden et al. model that needs further analysis. Moreover, we encourage experimental studies to evaluate the possible causal chain of the associations among motor competence, perceived motor competence, concrete activity and wellness-related fettle with metabolic health, mental health, and cognition and bookish performance, including as many components from Stodden et al.'s [1] original model as possible.

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1. Research, Innovation and Educational activity Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

   Rodrigo A. Lima

2. Sectionalisation of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Teaching Upper Austria, Linz, Austria

   Clemens Drenowatz

3. Section of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

   Karin A. Pfeiffer

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Correspondence to Rodrigo A. Lima.

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Lima, R.A., Drenowatz, C. & Pfeiffer, K.A. Expansion of Stodden et al.'s Model. Sports Med 52, 679–683 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01632-5

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• Accepted: 14 December 2021

• Published: 07 February 2022

• Issue Date: April 2022

• DOI : https://doi.org/ten.1007/s40279-021-01632-5

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